3231

Analysis

NAICS 3231 is the 2022 industry group for printing and related support activities, part of 323 (Printing and Related Support Activities). Census lists 227 example activities under it in the official index.

County Business Patterns counts 22,301 US establishments in this code in 2023, employing 386,248 people at an average annual payroll of $57,397 per employee (28th percentile of national industries). 51% of the establishments have fewer than five employees, which is close to the national mix.

Between 2018 and 2023 the number of establishments fell 10% and employment fell 12%. The 2018 count used NAICS 2017, so part of a large move can come from codes being redefined rather than from businesses opening or closing.

Across its national industries Census lists 227 index entries; typical ones are address lists commercial printing (except screen) without…, address lists screen printing without publishing, almanacs printing and binding without publishing and almanac binding without printing.

Its goods appear in 66 statistical lines of the US tariff schedule, mostly under headings 4901 (printed books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed…), 4911 (other printed matter, including printed pictures and…) and 4820 (registers, account books, notebooks, order books, receipt…). That link is how import data is matched to domestic producers, for example in trade-remedy cases.

It splits into 2 more detailed codes. The largest by establishments is 32311 (Printing) with 21,354.